Macro Unit 4 Key Ideas 
Unit 4: Money, Monetary Policy, and Economic Stability

• To accomplish its functions, money should have certain characteristics which include portability,
  uniformity, acceptability, durability, divisibility, and stability in value.
  
  
• Throughout history, there have been four basic types of money: commodity money,
  representative money, fiat money, and checkbook money.
  
  
• Money has three main functions- as a medium of exchange, a standard of value, and a store of value.
  
  
• Economists often disagree about what money is. M1 is the narrowest definition and consists
  of checkable deposits, traveler’s checks, and currency.  Checkable deposits are called demand deposits
  and account for about 75% of M1.
  
  
• M2 and M3 are broader definitions of money and include savings accounts and other time deposits.
  
  
• MV=PQ is the equation of exchange; money times velocity equals price times quantity of goods. 
  PQ is the nominal GDP.
  
  
• Velocity is the number of times per year the money supply is used to make payments for
  final goods and services:    V=GDP/M
  

• Money is created when banks make loans.  One bank’s loan becomes another bank’s demand deposit.  
  Demand deposits are money.  When a loan is repaid, money is destroyed.
  
  
• Banks are required to keep a percentage of their deposits are reserves.  Reserves can be currency
  in the bank vault or deposits at the Federal Reserve Banks.  This reserve requirement limits the
  amount of money banks can create.
  
  
• The money multiplier is equal to one divided by the reserve requirement.  1/rr
  
  
• The higher the reserve requirement, the less money can be created; the lower the reserve requirement,
  the more money can be created.
  
  
• The Federal Reserve, or “Fed,” regulates financial institutions and controls the nation’s money supply. 
  The three main tools that it uses to control the money supply are: changing the discount create, changing
  the reserve requirement, and buying and selling Economics bonds on the open market (open market operations).
  
  
• If the Fed wants to encourage bank lending and increase the money supply, it will decrease the discount rate,
  decrease the reserve requirement, and buy bonds on the open market.  The Fed expands the money supply to
  fight unemployment.  This is called an expansionary monetary policy or an “easy money” policy.
  
  
• If the Fed wants to hold down or decrease the money supply, it will discourage bank lending by increasing
  the discount rate, increasing the reserve requirements, and selling bonds on the open market.  The Fed
  discourages bank lending during inflation.  This is called a contractionary monetary policy or a “tight money” policy.
  
  
• The reserve requirement is the most powerful tool of monetary policy; it is rarely used because of its power. 
• Open market operations are the most frequently used tool because they permit the Fed to make
  small changes in the money supply.
  
  
• Monetarists believe that money directly affects the economy through the equation of exchange. 
  Monetarists believe the money supply should be increases at the rate of three to five percent a year,
  exactly the same amount as the increases in real GDP.
  
  
• Keynesians believe that money affects interest rates and that interest rates, in turn, affect investment and GDP. 
  Tight money increases interest rates, which decrease aggregate demand, which helps fight inflation. 
  Easy money decreases interest rates and increases GDP during recessions.
  
  
• The Fed cannot target both the money supply and interest rates simultaneously so it must choose which goal to attempt to achieve.